In summary , the up and down quarks make up all the nuclei and electrons orbiting around nuclei form atoms 總括來說,上夸克和下夸克組成原子核,而電子則圍繞原子核而形成原子。
Proton is , in turn , made up of two up quarks and one down quark . neutron is made up of two down quarks and one up quark 質子的內部是三粒夸克:兩粒上夸克和一粒下夸克uud中子的內部也是三??淇耍阂涣I峡淇撕蛢闪O驴淇藆dd 。
There has been many papers to discuss the in - medium quark and gluon condensates in nuclear matter which use the models with su ( 2 ) l su ( 2 ) r sym - metry . now , we make use of the chiral model su ( 3 ) l su ( 3 ) n including the baryon octet to discuss the quark condensate < qq > in strange matter , where q is an up or down quark field . on the one hand , from the experimetal data , it is found that < qq > vac = - ( 225 25mev ) 3 , on the other hand , with the hellmann - feynman theorem , quark condensate can be evaluated on the hadronic level . in this paper , we will investigate the quark condensate in strange matter with the chiral symmetry su ( 3 ) l x su ( 3 ) rspontaneous breaking lagrangian to obtain the variation of the quark condensate in the strange matter when the baryon number change . it can be applied to understand the neutron stars when the neutron star are considered to be constructed by the strange matter . because nertron stars are homogeneous and at very low temperature , we will use the mean - field approximation and zero temperature throughout this paper 鑒于已有大量文獻討論了核物質中的夸克凝聚,本文將討論在奇異物質中的夸克凝聚。而在介質中的夸克凝聚的基本公式可由hellmann - feynman理論導出,所以運用手征對稱自發(fā)破缺拉氏量以及平均場近似,我們就可以討論在奇異物質中的夸克凝聚,由所計算的結果表明: ( 1 )奇異物質中的夸克凝聚隨奇異物質密度的增大而單調減小。 ( 2 ) -凝聚的出現(xiàn)對衰減率有影響。
英文解釋
a stable quark with an electric charge of -1/3 and a mass 607 times that of an electron